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Apache ORC
Apache ORC (Optimized Row Columnar) is a self-describing, columnar file format that supports high compression ratios and fast data retrieval. ORC supports complex types, including structs, lists, maps, and unions. ORC files are divided into blocks of data (stripes) containing statistics (such as min, max, sum, and count) and lightweight indexing which can be used to skip over irrelevant data during queries. ORC also supports predicate pushdown, meaning that filters can be applied as the data is read from disk, reducing the amount of data loaded into memory and processed. Due to its high performance in terms of compression and speed of access, ORC is particularly well-suited for heavy read operations and is commonly used in data warehousing and analytics applications.
JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, text-based format used for data interchange. JSON is easy to read and write for humans and simple to parse and generate for machines. Its structure is composed of two elements: objects, containing key-value pairs, and arrays, holding lists of values. Keys in JSON objects are strings, and values can be strings, numbers, arrays, true or false, null, and other objects. This format is widely used in web applications for sending data between clients and servers, as well as in configuration files and data feeds.